Education in dongying eva sole

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Dongying is home to one major University, China University of Petroleum, as well as several colleges and technical schools.

Economy in dongying eva sole

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A large part of the city's economy revolves around petroleum and the nearby Shengli Oil Field.
Industries include: petroleum, petrochemistry, saline chemistry, papermaking, machinery, electronics, construction, building materials, foodstuff processing, pneumatic tires and rubber, textile and light industries.
Dongying is one of the world's leading producers of rubber tires. It has more tire factories than any other city in the world.[citation needed]
Recently, Dogying's economy has grown significantly, reflecting the high development of china's economy.[citation needed] The city's growing manufacturing sector and its proximity to oil reserves have led to increased company investments. An example is DuPont - in 2005, Dupont invested 5 billion yuan to build a TiO2 factory in the area. After this project's completion, it will become the largest investment outside of the US for Dupont.

History of dongying tengda

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The city was established in 1983, as a base for developing the Yellow River Delta and China's second largest oilfield, Shengli Field. The oilfield was discovered in 1964 near a small village called Dongying, which gave its name to the city

Administration in dongying tpr soles

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The prefecture-level city of Dongying administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties.
Dongying District (东营区)
Hekou District (河口区)
Guangrao County (广饶县)
Lijin County (利津县)
Kenli County (垦利县)
These are further divided into 43 township-level divisions, including 23 towns, 13 townships and 7 subdistricts.

where is Dongying eva sole

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Dongying (simplified Chinese: 东营; pinyin: Dōngyíng) is a prefecture-level city in Shandong province, People's Republic of China. Located around the mouth of the Yellow River, Dongying borders Binzhou to the west, Zibo to the southwest, and Weifang to the south. The city's 350-km coastline borders the Laizhou Bay and the Bohai Bay to the east and north respectively

Miscellaneous of dezhou tpr soles

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Dezhou is well-known for its braised chicken and watermelon.
The name of Dezhou is the same as the abbreviation of the Chinese name for the state of Texas, USA.

Tourism in dezhou eva sole

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Dezhou's biggest historical attraction is the tomb of Sultan Paduka Pahala of Sulu (Philippines), who died in Dezhou on his return journey from a visit to the Yongle Emperor in 1417. The tomb is well preserved and has been declared a national heritage site. Descendants of the sultan's Muslim followers still live in Dezhou today, and are classfied as the Hui minority.

Transport in dezhou tpr soles

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Dezhou lies on the main rail route from Beijing to Shanghai

Administration of dezhou eva sole

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The prefecture-level city of Dezhou administers 11 county-level divisions, including 1 district, 2 county-level cities and 8 counties.
Decheng District (德城区)
Leling City (乐陵市)
Yucheng City (禹城市)
Ling County (陵县)
Pingyuan County (平原县)
Xiajin County (夏津县)
Wucheng County (武城县)
Qihe County (齐河县)
Linyi County (临邑县)
Ningjin County (宁津县)
Qingyun County (庆云县)

Sports in shandong eva sole

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Professional sports teams based in Shandong include:
Chinese Football Association Super League
Shandong Luneng
Qingdao Zhongneng
Chinese Football Association Jia League
Qingdao Hailifeng
Chinese Basketball Association
Shandong Jinsidun Lions

Senior High Schools in shandong eva sole

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Senior High School Attached to Shandong Normal University (山东师范大学附属中学)

Colleges and universities in shandong eva sole

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Ocean University of China(Qingdao)
University of Petroleum (East China)
Shandong University (Jinan)
University of Petroleum (Dongying)
Shandong Institute of Building Materials Industry
Yantai University
Shandong Architectural & Civil Engineering Institute
Shandong Agricultural University
Qufu Normal University
Yantai Education Institute & Yantai Television University
Qingdao University
Shandong University of Technology
China Coal Economics College
Qingdao Institute of Architecture and Engineering
Shandong Institute of Mining Technology
Liaocheng Teachers University
Shandong Finance Institute
Shandong University of Triaditional Chinese Medicine
Shandong Normal University
Qingdao Agricultural University
Qingdao Institute of Chemical Technology
Shandong Institute of Technology
Weifang Advanced Academy
Yantai Normal College

Tourism in shandong eva sole

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Tourist attractions in Shandong include:
Penglai, a town on the north of the Shandong peninsula famed in Taoism.
Qingdao, beach resort city on the south of the peninsula famous for its Tsingtao beer
Laoshan, a scenic area and Daoist centre to the east of Qingdao.
Qingzhou, an ancient trading and administrative centre with some famous archaeological discoveries.
Weihai, a former British port city important in the second Sino-Japanese War.
World Heritage Sites:
Temple and Cemetery of Confucius, and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu
Tai Shan, sacred mountain, in Tai'an

Transport of shandong tpr soles

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The Jingjiu Railway (Beijing-Kowloon) and Jinghu Railway (Beijing-Shanghai) are both major arterial railways that pass through the western part of Shandong. The Jingjiu passes through Liaocheng and Heze; the Jinghu passes through Dezhou, Jinan, Tai'an, Qufu. and Tengzhou. The Jiaoji Railway is an important railway of Shandong, linking its two largest cities of Qingdao and Jinan, with the longest history of all.
Shandong has one of the densest and highest quality expressway networks among all Chinese provinces. At over 3000 km, the total length of Shandong's expressways is the highest among the provinces. The Jiqing Expressway (Jinan-Qingdao) and Jingfu Expressway (Beijing-Fuzhou, passing through Shandong) are all important arterial expressways.
The Shandong Peninsula, with its bays and harbours, has many important ports, including Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao, and Longkou. Many of these ports have historical significance as well, as the sites of former foreign naval bases or historical battles. Ferries link the cities on the north coast of the peninsula with the Liaodong Peninsula, further north across the sea.
Important airports include Jinan Yaoqiang Airport and Qingdao Liuting International Airport.

Culture of shandong eva sole

Mandarin dialects are spoken in Shandong. Linguists classify these dialects into three broad categories: Ji Lu Mandarin spoken in the northwest (as well as in neighbouring Hebei), such as the Jinan dialect; Zhongyuan Mandarin spoken in the southwest (as well as in neighbouring Henan); and Jiao Liao Mandarin spoken in the Shandong Peninsula (as well as the Liaodong Peninsula across the sea), such as the Qingdao dialect. When people speak of the "Shandong dialect" (山東話), it is generally the first or the second that is meant; the Jiao Liao dialects of Shandong are commonly called the "Jiaodong dialect" (膠東話).
Shandong cuisine (鲁菜) is one of the eight great traditions of Chinese cuisine. It can be more finely divided into inland Shandong cuisine (e.g. Jinan cuisine); the seafood-centered Jiaodong cuisine in the peninsula; and Confucius's Mansion cuisine, an elaborate tradition originally intended for imperial and other important feasts.
Shandong Bangzi and Lüju are popular types of Chinese opera in Shandong; both originated from southwestern Shandong.

Administrative divisions of shandong tpr soles

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Shandong is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions, all of them prefecture-level cities:
The sub-province-level cities:
Jinan (Simplified Chinese: 济南市; Traditional Chinese: 濟南市; Hanyu pinyin: Jǐnán Shì)
Qingdao (青島市 (青岛市) Qīngdǎo Shì)
The prefecture-level cities:
Binzhou (濱州市 (滨州市) Bīnzhōu Shì)
Dezhou (德州市 Dézhōu Shì)
Dongying (東營市 (东营市) Dōngyíng Shì)
Heze (菏澤市 (菏泽市) Hézé Shì)
Jining (濟寧市 (济宁市) Jìníng Shì)
Laiwu (萊蕪市 (莱芜市) Láiwú Shì)
Liaocheng (聊城市 Liáochéng Shì)
Linyi (臨沂市 (临沂市) Línyí Shì)
Rizhao (日照市 Rìzhào Shì)
Tai'an (泰安市 Tài'ān Shì)
Weifang (潍坊市 Wéifāng Shì)
Weihai (威海市 Wēihǎi Shì)
Yantai (煙臺市 (烟台市) Yāntái Shì)
Zaozhuang (棗莊市 (枣庄市) Zǎozhuāng Shì)
Zibo (淄博市 Zībó Shì)
The seventeen prefecture-level divisions of Shandong are subdivided into 140 county-level divisions (49 districts, 31 county-level cities, and 60 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1941 township-level divisions (1223 towns, 293 townships, two ethnic townships, and 423 subdistricts).
See List of administrative divisions of Shandong for a complete list of county-level divisions.

Demographics of shandong eva sole

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Shandong is the second most populous province of China, after Henan, with a population of almost 92 million. Over 99% of Shandong's population is Han Chinese. Minority groups include the Hui and the Manchus. Shandong is also known as having highest average height of any Chinese province.

Economy in shandong tengda

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Shandong ranks first among the provinces in the production of a variety of products, including cotton and wheat as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. Other importants crop include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta, where the Shengli Oilfield (lit. Victory Oilfield) is one of the major oilfields of China. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from sea water.
Shandong is one of the richer provinces of China, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to two of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer and Haier. In addition, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. On the other hand, the extreme inland west of Shandong is much poorer than the rest of the province.
In 2007, the nominal GDP for Shandong was 2.59 trillion yuan (US$340 billion), ranking second in the country (behind Guangdong and ahead of Jiangsu). It's GDP per capita was 27,723 yuan (US$3,646), ranking seventh.

Politics of shandong eva sole

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The politics of Shandong is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.
The Governor of Shandong is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Shandong. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Shandong Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Shandong CPC Party Chief".

Secondary Industries in zhaoqing eva sole

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Food and beverages, building materials, electronics, micro bioengineering, chemicals, equipments and machinery, textile and garments are the pillar industries. Duanzhou, Gaoyao and Sihui area being developed as the export-oriented industrial bases. Yunfu is a major area for the production of sulphur and iron.
To facilitate industrial development in Zhaoqing, the local government has made great efforts in establishing various industrial zones / parks in the city. The largest one is the Guangdong Zhaoqing High-tech Industrial Development Zone, with an area of 109km², that consists of two industrial parks, Sanrong Industrial Park and Dawang Industrial Park, of areas 9km² and 100km² respectively. Dawang is facilitated as an export processing and trade zone.

Primary Industries in zhaoqing eva sole

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The rich local resources within the mountain region include coal, limestone, copper, lead, zinc, granite, gold, sulfur, gypsum and other minerals.
For agriculture sector, the fertile plain yields paddy rice, sugar cane, aquatic products, fruits, rosin, cassia bark. Horticulture possesses a large sector in farming industries. poultry and animal husbandry are associated to agriculture and seek to modern development and management.
The forest in mountain region is a rich source for herbal medicine in southern China, and other materials like rosin and casia bark from different forest plants

[edit] History and Name of Zhaoqing tengda

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The date of Zhaoqing's founding is uncertain, but it existed as early as the Qin (221-206 B.C.) and Han (206 B.C. - 220 C.E.) Dynasties, when it was known as Gaoyao (高要). In the Sui Dynasty (581-618 C.E.), Zhaoqing became known as Duanzhou (端州) and served as an important administrative region and military base.
In C.E. 1118, Northern Song Dynasty Emperor Huizong bestowed its current name upon the city. "Zhaoqing" means "beginning of auspiciousness".
The first evidence of westerners in Zhaoqing appears to have occurred in the late sixteenth century with the arrival of the Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci in 1583. Ricci moved to the city after receiving an invitation from the governor of Zhaoqing at the time, Wang P'an, who had heard of Ricci's skill as a mathematician/cartographer. Ricci stayed there from 1583-1589 before having to leave after a new viceroy decided to expel them. It was in Zhaoqing that Ricci drew up the first ever map of the world in Chinese in 1584.
There is now a memorial plaque in Zhaoqing to commemorate his six-year stay there as well as a building set up as a 'Ricci Memorial Centre' although the building itself does not date back to the time of the priest as it was built in the 1860s.

Geography of Zhaoqing tpr soles

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Zhaoqing is located 110 km northwest of Guangzhou, in the west Pearl River Delta. It lies on the north shores of the Xijiang River, which is flows from west to east, and opposite of Gaoyao. A plain area lies to the south and west of Zhaoqing, with mountains to the east and north.
The city lies in a south subtropical monsoon climatic zone. The yearly average temperature is 21.9 °C, and annual precipitation is 1605 mm.

Administration of Zhaoqing eva sole

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Zhaoqing has jurisdiction over 2 districts, 4 counties and 2 county-level cities:
Deqing County (德庆县), 2,258 km², pop. 350,000
Dinghu District (鼎湖区), 506 km², pop. 150,000
Duanzhou District (端州区), 152 km², pop. 320,000
Fengkai County (封开县), 2,723 km², pop. 470,000
Gaoyao City (高要市), 2,206 km², pop. 730,000
Guangning County (广宁县), 2,380 km², pop. 540,000
Huaiji County (怀集县), 3,573 km², pop. 930,000
Sihui City (四会市), 1,258 km², pop. 420,000

where is Zhaoqing tengda

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Zhaoqing (肇庆) is a prefecture-level city of Guangdong province in southern China

Administration of maoming eva sole

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The prefecture-level city of Maoming administers 6 county-level divisions, including 2 districts, 3 county-level cities and 1 county.
Maonan District (茂南区)
Maogang District (茂港区)
Gaozhou City (高州市)
Xinyi City (信宜市)
Huazhou City (化州市)
Dianbai County (电白县)

where is Maoming tengda

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Maoming (Chinese: 茂名; pinyin: Màomíng) is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Yunfu to the northeast, Yangjiang to the east, Zhanjiang to the southwest, the autonomous region of Guangxi to the northwest, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south.

Tourism in Jiangmen tpr soles

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A significant amount of historical heritage survives from the period of mass emigration prior to World War II. The most significant are the fortified multi-story towers found mainly in Kaiping. These are known as "Gold Mountain Towers" or diaolou (碉樓).
The local government's economic development strategies emphasise the development of tourism and protection of the environment

Culture in jiangmen eva sole

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Jiangmen is the homeland of 3.68 million overseas Chinese, who live in 107 countries and regions throughout the world. Strong oversea connections are especially found in the villages.

Foreign direct investment eva sole

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City administration is considered especially progressive in seeking foreign direct investment. In 2005, the city hosted the first-ever Sino-American Forum of Intellectual Property Rights, co-organized by the Patent Protection Association of China - PPAC and the International Association for Technology Trade - IATT as well as what has been identified as the world's largest educational technology conference and expo, co-organized by IATT and the International Society for Technology in Education - ISTE, attracting nearly 40,000 attendees in its first year

Demographics of Dongguan eva sole

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Dongguan has around seven million inhabitants, although many are not official city residents. Many of the manufacturing facilities of the Dongguan area attract workers from far away towns and provinces, but these workers often cannot obtain official city residency. Such workers typically live in company supplied apartment buildings and visit their hometowns once or twice a year[citation needed].
Dongguan is also a known hometown for many overseas Chinese, the root for over 700,000 people in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macau and over 200,000 nationals living abroad

Geography and climate of Dongguan eva sole

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The urban center of Dongguan is 50 km away from that of Guangzhou to its north, 90 km away from Shenzhen to its south, 47 sea miles away from Hong Kong and 48 sea miles from Macau by waterway. Dongguan is a must-pass-by locality from Guangzhou to Hong Kong by road or waterway.
The climate of Dongguan is subtropical. It lies south of the Tropics of Cancer. The average temperature is 22.8°C throughout the year. The average rainfall is 1,756.8 millimeters. [2]

what is Dongguan eva sole

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Dongguan (simplified Chinese: 东莞; traditional Chinese: 東莞; pinyin: Dōngguǎn) (old spelling Tung-kuan) is a prefecture-level city in central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. An important industrial city located in the Pearl River Delta, Dongguan borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the north, Huizhou to the northeast, Shenzhen to the south, and the Pearl River to the west. It is also home to the world's largest shopping mall, South China Mall. City administration is considered especially progressive in seeking foreign direct investment (see below). The three neighboring municipalities of Guangzhou, Dongguan, and Shenzhen are home to over 25 million residents, accounting for a large proportion of the Pearl River Delta's population. [1]

Education tengda

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Huizhou University (惠州大学)
Huizhou Radio and Television University (惠州市广播电视大学)

Transport tpr soles

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Huizhou is served by the Hong Kong-Beijing Jingjiu railway with two stations: Huizhou West and Huizhou.

Economy eva sole

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Huizhou gradually gained benefit from the Chinese economic reform in the late 1980s. The blossom of real estate market attracted capital investment from Hong Kong and Taiwan, together with the establishment of factories and plants by these foreign investment.
In the provincial economic development strategy, Huizhou is regarded as a site for a world-class petrochemical industry, as well as the hub for solidifying information technology, and expanding exports and trades.

Administration in Huizhou tengda

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The prefecture-level city of Huizhou administers 5 county-level divisions, including 2 districts and 3 counties.
Huicheng District (惠城区)
Huiyang District (惠阳区)
Boluo County (博罗县)
Huidong County (惠东县)
Longmen County (龙门县)

what is Huizhou tpr soles

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Huizhou (simplified Chinese: 惠州; pinyin: Hùizhōu; Cantonese: wai6 jau1) is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. Part of the Pearl River Delta, Huizhou borders the provincial capital of Guangzhou to the west, Shaoguan to the north, Heyuan to the northeast, Shanwei to the east, Shenzhen and Dongguan to the southwest, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south.

Tourist attractions in Shenzhen eva sole

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Although Shenzhen enjoys a good reputation for shopping and travel, some Hong Kong citizens are concerned about the relatively high crime rate in Shenzhen[citation needed]. Reports of businessmen and tourists being robbed and kidnapped in Shenzhen are not uncommon in Hong Kong newspapers.[citation needed]
Shenzhen's major tourist attractions include the Chinese Folk Culture Village, the Window of the World, Happy Valley, Splendid China, the Safari Park in Nanshan district, the Dameisha Promenade, Xiaomeisha Beach Resort in Yantian district, Zhongying Jie / Chung Ying Street, Xianhu Lake Botanical Garden, and Minsk World. The city also offers free admission to a number of public parks including the Lianhuashan Park, Lizhi Park, Zhongshan Park and Wutongshan Park. Shenzhen offers a great variety of cuisines that its numerous restaurants provide.
Most tourists, however, choose to stay in a largely expatriate and exotic residential community called Shekou, home to a large French cruise liner cemented into the ground called Sea World[22]. Shekou was expanded and renovated in recent years, including claiming additional land from the sea

Faculties and Departments eva sole

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The University comprises 19 colleges or departments of science, engineering, economics, management, law, liberal arts, philosophy, and history. It offers 9 PHD programs, 64 masters programs, 6 engineering masters programs, 52 undergraduate programs, with 11 provincial or ministerial key disciplines.

[edit] Faculty tengda

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The University has more than 1,700 faculty members, with over 500 holding senior professional titles. There are 900 full time teachers, 400 professors and associate professors, over 141 PhD degrees holders and 38 government funded researchers.

[edit] Xiamen Campus tpr soles

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The new campus in Xiamen covering 1,320,000m2 is under construction. The University is well equipped with advanced facilities for teaching and scientific research. The library has a total collection of 2,040,000 volumes of 1,030,000 titles.

Quanzhou Campus eva sole

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The main campus covers an area of 740,000 m2with a total floor space of 550,000 square metres.

Chinese Language and Culture College tengda

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Chinese Language and Culture Colle[edit] Chinese Language and Culture Collegege is subordinate to Huaqiao University, which used to be Remedial School of Jimei's overseas students (Jimei Chinese Language School), a special school to provide overseas students, foreign students with Chinese language and cultural knowledge. There are already 320,000 graduates from over 30 countries and areas. Chinese Language and Culture College is the base of the national Chinese education, and the only place for HSK in Fujian Province instituted by the nation’s HSK committee. There are the short-term Chinese study course, training course of the Chinese teachers, overseas students’ summer/winter camp, the symposium of the Chinese culture and the preparatory course for the overseas Chinese and the youth students from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. It currently has more than 700 postgraduates.

University History tpr soles

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Since the founding of the university 45 years ago, the University has graduated more than 76,000 students, of which 36,000 are from overseas. The University has now 24 000 full-time on-campus students, including 3,000 overseas students from 29 countries and regions such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, United States and Argentina.
The university won the last three national Challenge Cup contest. Students competed in many areas such as academic, scentific and the technology field. The university won 10 prizes and the group scores were in the 13th, 16th, and 10th places respectively, which ranked the first among the universities and colleges in Fujian province.
The men’s basketball team of the University won the national championship in the 2nd, 5th and 7th and runner-up in the 4th CUBA (China University Basketball Association) tournaments.

Transport of quanzhou eva sole

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Quanzhou is an important transport hub within south eastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports.Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang Dynasty while now still an important one for exporting. Quanzhou is also connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen to the south. Jinjiang Domestic Airport is Quanzhou's airport servicing flights within Fujian province and other destinations.

Economy of quanzhou tengda

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Quanzhou is a major exporter of agricultural products such as tea, banana, lychee and rice. It is also a major producer of quarry granite and ceramics. Other industries include textiles, footwear, fashion and apparel, packaging, machinery, paper and petrochemicals.[1]
Quanzhou is the biggest automotive market in Fujian, it has the highest number of private automobile possession. [2]

[edit] Geography of quanzhou tpr soles

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Quanzhou is a coastal prefecture bordered by Xiamen sub-provincial city to the south west. It also forms another border with Zhangzhou and Longyan prefecture level city towards the west. Putian and Fuzhou forms Quanzhou's north east border and Sanming from the north.
Quanzhou is mountainous and has many rivers and tributaries originating from the interior.

History of quanzhou eva sole

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Quanzhou was established in 718 during the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618-907). In those days, Guangzhou was China's greatest seaport, but this status would be surpassed later by Quanzhou. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279) and Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368), Quanzhou was one of the world's largest seaports, hosting a large community of foreign-born inhabitants from across the Eurasian world. Due to its reputation, Quanzhou has been called the starting point of the Silk Road via the sea. In The Travels of Marco Polo, Quanzhou (called Zayton, T'swan-Chau or Chin-Cheu) was listed as the departure point for Marco Polo's expedition to escort the 17-year-old Mongol princess pride Kököchin to her new husband in the Persian Ilkhanate.
Quanzhou is also a migration source of many Overseas Chinese living in South East Asia and to Taiwan during the last couple of centuries.

Russian Revolution of 1917 eva sole

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Dissatisfaction with the Russian government's conduct of the war grew, despite the success of the June 1916 Brusilov offensive in eastern Galicia. The success was undermined by the reluctance of other generals to commit their forces to support the victory. Allied and Russian forces were revived only temporarily with Romania's entry into the war on 27 August. German forces came to the aid of embattled Austrian units in Transylvania and Bucharest fell to the Central Powers on 6 December. Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia, as the Tsar remained at the front. Empress Alexandra's increasingly incompetent rule drew protests and resulted in the murder of her favourite, Rasputin, at the end of 1916.In March 1917, demonstrations in Petrograd culminated in the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government which shared power with the Petrograd Soviet socialists. This arrangement led to confusion and chaos both at the front and at home. The army became increasingly ineffective.
The war and the government became more and more unpopular. Discontent led to a rise in popularity of the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin. He promised to pull Russia out of the war and was able to gain power. The triumph of the Bolsheviks in November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when Germany resumed the war and marched across Ukraine with impunity, the new government acceded to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918. It took Russia out of the war and ceded vast territories, including Finland, the Baltic provinces, parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers. The manpower required for German occupation of former Russian territory may have contributed to the failure of the Spring Offensive, however, and secured relatively little food or other war materiel.
With the Bolsheviks' accession to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Entente no longer existed. The Allied powers led a small-scale invasion of Russia to stop Germany from exploiting Russian resources and, to a lesser extent, to support the Whites in the Russian Civil War. Allied troops landed in Archangel and in Vladivostok.

Eastern Front (World War I) tengda

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While the Western Front had reached stalemate, the war continued in the East. Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and German East Prussia. Although Russia's initial advance into Galicia was largely successful, they were driven back from East Prussia by Hindenburg and Ludendorff at Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes in August and September 1914. Russia's less developed industrial base and ineffective military leadership was instrumental in the events that unfolded. By the spring of 1915, the Russians had retreated into Galicia, and in May the Central Powers achieved a remarkable breakthrough on Poland's southern frontiers. On 5 August they captured Warsaw and forced the Russians to withdraw from Poland. This became known as the "Great Retreat" in Russia and the "Great Advance" in Germany.

Fighting in India tpr soles

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The war began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India under British rule contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. This was done by the Indian Congress in hope of achieving self-government as India was very much under the control of the British. The United Kingdom disappointed the Indians by not providing self-governance, leading to the Gandhiian Era in Indian history. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. In all 140,000 men served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East. 47,746 Indian soldiers were killed and 65,126 wounded during World War I.[45]

Battles of the Isonzo eva sole

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Cadorna unleashed eleven offensives with total disregard for his men's lives. The Italians also went on the offensive to relieve pressure on other Allied fronts. On the Trentino front, the Austro-Hungarians took advantage of the mountainous terrain, which favoured the defender. After an initial strategic retreat, the front remained largely unchanged, while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen and Italian Alpini engaged in bitter hand-to-hand combat throughout the summer. The Austro-Hungarians counter-attacked in the Altopiano of Asiago, towards Verona and Padua, in the spring of 1916 (Strafexpedition), but made little progress.
Beginning in 1915, the Italians mounted eleven offensives along the Isonzo River, north-east of Trieste. All eleven offensives were repelled by the Austro-Hungarians,[citation needed] who held the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, the Italians captured the town of Gorizia. After this minor victory, the front remained static for over a year, despite several Italian offensives. In the autumn of 1917, thanks to the improving situation on the Eastern front, the Austrians received large numbers of reinforcements, including German Stormtroopers and the elite Alpenkorps. The Central Powers launched a crushing offensive on 26 October 1917, spearheaded by the Germans. They achieved a victory at Caporetto. The Italian army was routed and retreated more than 100 km (60 miles). They were able to reorganise and stabilize the front at the Piave River. Since in the Battle of Caporetto Italian Army had heavy losses, the Italian Government called to the arms the so called '99 Boys (Ragazzi del '99), that is, all males who were 18 years old. In 1918, the Austro-Hungarians failed to break through, in a series of battles on the Asiago Plateau, finally being decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in October of that year. Austria-Hungary surrendered in early November 1918.

Italian Campaign (World War I) tengda

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Italy had been allied with the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882 as part of the Triple Alliance. However, the nation had its own designs on Austrian territory in Trentino, Istria and Dalmatia. Rome had a secret 1902 pact with France, effectively nullifying its alliance.[44] At the start of hostilities, Italy refused to commit troops, arguing that the Triple Alliance was defensive in nature, and that Austria-Hungary was an aggressor. The Austro-Hungarian government began negotiations to secure Italian neutrality, offering the French colony of Tunisia in return. The Allies made a counter-offer in which Italy would receive the Alpine province of Alto Adige and territory on the Dalmatian coast after the defeat of Austria-Hungary. This was fomalised by the Treaty of London. Further encouraged by the Allied invasion of Turkey in April 1915, Italy joined the Entente and declared war on Austria-Hungary in May. Fifteen months later, it declared war on Germany.
Militarily, the Italians had numerical superiority. This advantage, however, was lost, not only because of the difficult terrain in which fighting took place, but also because of the strategies and tactics employed. Field Marshal Luigi Cadorna, a staunch proponent of the frontal assault, had dreams of breaking into the Slovenian plateau, taking Ljubljana and threatening Vienna. It was a Napoleonic plan, which had no realistic chance of success in an age of barbed wire, machine guns, and indirect artillery fire, combined with hilly and mountainous terrain.
Cadorna insisted on attacking the Isonzo front.

Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I tpr soles

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New Zealand occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August. On 11 September the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which formed part of German New Guinea. Japan seized Germany's Micronesian colonies and after the Battle of Tsingtao, the German coaling port of Qingdao, in the Chinese Shandong peninsula. Within a few months, the Allied forces had seized all the German territories in the Pacific.

Western Front (World War I) tpr soles

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Initially, the Germans had great success in the Battle of the Frontiers (14 August–24 August). Russia, however, attacked in East Prussia and diverted German forces intended for the Western Front. Germany defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the First Battle of Tannenberg (17 August – 2 September), but this diversion exacerbated problems of insufficient speed of advance from rail-heads not foreseen by the German General Staff. Originally, the Schlieffen Plan called for the right flank of the German advance to pass to the west of Paris. However, the capacity and low speed of horse-drawn transport hampered the German supply train, allowing French and British forces to finally halt the German advance east of Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (5 September–12 September). The Central Powers were thereby denied a quick victory and forced to fight a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and had permanently incapacitated 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself. Despite this, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance for an early victory.

Serbian Campaign (World War I) eva sole

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The Serbian army fought the Battle of Cer against the invading Austrians, beginning on 12 August, occupying defensive positions on the south side of the Drina and Sava rivers. Over the next two weeks Austrian attacks were thrown back with heavy losses, which marked the first major Allied victory of the war and dashed Austrian hopes of a swift victory. As a result, Austria had to keep sizable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia.

African theatre of World War I tengda

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Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French and German colonial forces in Africa. On 7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorate of Togoland. On 10 August German forces in South-West Africa attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the remainder of the war.

Confusion among the Central Powers tengda

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The strategy of the Central Powers suffered from miscommunication. Germany had promised to support Austria-Hungary’s invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, envisioned Austria-Hungary directing the majority of its troops against Russia, while Germany dealt with France. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian Army to divide its forces between the Russian and Serbian fronts.

July crisis and declarations of war eva sole

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The Austro-Hungarian government used the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand as a pretext to deal with the Serbian question, supported by Germany. On 23 July 1914, an ultimatum was sent to Serbia with ten demands, some so extreme that the Serbian reply included reservations and rejected the sixth demand. The Serbians, relying on support from Russia, removed acceptance of the sixth key demand (the draft reply had accepted it), and also ordered mobilization. In response to this, Austria-Hungary issued a declaration of war on 28 July. Initially, Russia ordered partial mobilization, directed at the Austrian frontier. On 31 July, after the Russian General Staff informed the Czar that partial mobilization was logistically impossible, a full mobilization was ordered. The Schlieffen Plan, which relied on a quick strike against France, could not afford to allow the Russians to mobilize without launching an attack. Thus, the Germans declared war against Russia on 1 August and on France two days later. Germany then violated Belgium's neutrality by the German advance through it to Paris, and this brought the British Empire into the war. With this, five of the six European powers were now involved in the largest continental European conflict since the Napoleonic Wars.[26]

Conradh na Gaeilge eva sole

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The Culture of Ireland went under a massive change in the course of the 19th century. After the Famine, the Irish language went into steep decline. This process was started in the 1820s, when the first National Schools were set up in the country. These had the advantage of encouraging literacy, but classes were provided only in English and the speaking of Irish was firmly discouraged. However, before the 1840s, Irish was still the majority language in the country and numerically (given the rise in population) may have had more speakers than ever before. The Famine devastated the Irish speaking areas of the country, which tended also to be rural and poor. As well as causing the deaths of thousands of Irish speakers, the famine also led to sustained and widespread emigration from the Irish-speaking south and west of the country. By 1900, for the first time in perhaps two millennia, Irish was no longer the majority language in Ireland, and continued to decline in importance. By the time of Irish independence, the Gaeltachts had shrunk to small areas along the western seaboard.
In reaction, to this, Irish nationalists began a "Gaelic revival" in the late 19th century, hoping to revive the Irish language and Irish literature and sports. While social organisations such as the Gaelic League and the Gaelic Athletic Association were very successful in attracting members, most of their activists were English speakers and the movement did not halt the decline of the Irish language.
The form of English established in Ireland differed somewhat from British English and its variants. Blurring linguistic structures from older forms of English (notably Elizabethan English) and the Irish language, it is known as Hiberno-English and was strongly associated with turn of the century Irish writers like J.M. Synge, George Bernard Shaw, Sean O'Casey, and had resonances in the English of Dublin-born Oscar Wilde. Some nationalists saw the celebration of Hiberno-Irish by predominantly Anglo-Irish writers as offensive "stage Irish" caricature. Synge's play The Playboy of the Western World was marked by rioting at performances.

Post-1978 reforms on the mainland EVA SOLE

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Post-1978 reforms on the mainland have led to some relaxation of control over many areas of society. However, the PRC government still has almost absolute control over politics, and it continually seeks to eradicate what it perceives as threats to the social, political and economic stability of the country. Examples include the fight against terrorism, jailing of political opponents and journalists, custody regulation of the press, regulation of religion, and suppression of independence/secessionist movements. In 1989, the student protests at Tiananmen Square were violently put to an end by the Chinese military after 15 days of martial law. In 1997, Hong Kong was returned to the PRC by the United Kingdom, and in 1999, Macau was returned by Portugal.Post-1978 reforms on the mainland have led to some relaxation of control over many areas of society. However, the PRC government still has almost absolute control over politics, and it continually seeks to eradicate what it perceives as threats to the social, political and economic stability of the country. Examples include the fight against terrorism, jailing of political opponents and journalists, custody regulation of the press, regulation of religion, and suppression of independence/secessionist movements. In 1989, the student protests at Tiananmen Square were violently put to an end by the Chinese military after 15 days of martial law. In 1997, Hong Kong was returned to the PRC by the United Kingdom, and in 1999, Macau was returned by Portugal.Post-1978 reforms on the mainland have led to some relaxation of control over many areas of society. However, the PRC government still has almost absolute control over politics, and it continually seeks to eradicate what it perceives as threats to the social, political and economic stability of the country. Examples include the fight against terrorism, jailing of political opponents and journalists, custody regulation of the press, regulation of religion, and suppression of independence/secessionist movements. In 1989, the student protests at Tiananmen Square were violently put to an end by the Chinese military after 15 days of martial law. In 1997, Hong Kong was returned to the PRC by the United Kingdom, and in 1999, Macau was returned by Portugal.

After the Chinese Civil War TPR SOLE

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After the Chinese Civil War, mainland China underwent a series of disruptive socioeconomic movements starting in the late 1950s with the Great Leap Forward and continuing in the 1960s with the Cultural Revolution that left much of its education system and economy in shambles. With the death of its first generation Communist Party leaders such as Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, the PRC began implementing a series of political and economic reforms advocated by Deng Xiaoping that eventually formed the foundation for mainland China's rapid economic development starting in the 1990s.

victory in the Chinese Civil War TENGDA

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After its victory in the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China (CCP) led by Mao Zedong gained control of most of Mainland China. On 1 October 1949, they established the People's Republic of China as a Socialist State headed by a "Democratic Dictatorship" with the CCP as the only legal political party, thus, laying claim as the successor state of the ROC. The central government of the Chinese Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek was forced to retreat to the island of Taiwan that it had occupied at the end of World War II and moved the ROC government there. Major armed hostilities ceased in 1950 but no peace treaty has been signed.
Beginning in the late 1970s, the Republic of China began the implementation of full, multi-party, representative democracy in the territories still under its control (Taiwan, and a number of smaller islands including Quemoy and Matsu). Today, the ROC has active political participation by all sectors of society. The main cleavage in ROC politics is the issue of eventual political unification with the Chinese mainland vs. formal independence of Taiwan.